Article 23 of the EU’s Net-Zero Industry Act (NZIA) introduces a landmark obligation for oil and gas producers to collectively develop enough CO₂ storage capacity to support Europe’s 2030 climate goals. This measure is designed to break the long-standing “CCS paradox,” where uncertainty about storage availability has slowed investment in carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects.

Bellona’s explainer unpacks this complex but important provision outlining what the obligation entails, who it applies to, and how the European Commission, Member States, and industry will each play their part in making it work.

Read our explainer to learn how Article 23 aims to kick-start Europe’s CO₂ storage market and why it marks a major shift from voluntary commitments to binding climate accountability.

This Explainer was produced by Bellona Europa for the Article23 project, in collaboration with Clean Air Task Force and Carbon Balance Initiative.