Article 23 Penalty Regimes across eleven Member States: A Comparative Analysis
This assessment examines how the eleven Member States hosting obligated oil and gas entities are implementing Article 23(13) of the NZIA, three month...
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As Europe accelerates its clean energy transition, high electricity prices are too often blamed on renewable energy and climate policies. This explainer shows that the real driver is Europe’s continued dependence on fossil gas. It explains how electricity prices are set, why gas price shocks translate into higher energy bills, and why expanding renewables, strengthening electricity grids and reducing reliance on imported fossil fuels are essential to delivering affordable, secure and resilient energy for Europe.
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